Do you own investment property or a small business? Sooner or later, you will probably want to sell.
One of the downsides of selling a business or investment property is the huge tax bill at the end. Profits are likely subject to the capital gains tax—perhaps at a much higher rate than you expect.
A seller-financed installment sale enables you to defer taxes to one or more later years, which is almost always a good idea. And the installment sale could cut your tax bill if spreading out your profits over multiple years puts you in a lower tax bracket.
But as with most programs that can lower your taxes, your lawmakers and the IRS impose a number of limitations.
What Is an Installment Sale?
An installment sale is a sale of eligible property where you receive at least one payment after the close of the taxable year in which the sale occurs. If you make a profit on an installment sale, you report part of your profit when you receive each payment.
You document the buyer’s obligation to make future payments to you, with a deed of trust, note, land contract, mortgage, or other evidence of the buyer’s debt to you. You should also secure the debt.
Although you can’t use the installment method to report a loss, you can choose to report all of your gain in the year of sale.
Installment Sale Advantages
An installment sale offers a number of advantages for you as a seller, as well as for your buyer:
- You can negotiate the sale without the need for the buyer to pay the full sale price when you finalize the sale.
- You and the buyer can finalize the sale agreement without waiting for the buyer to qualify for third-party financing.
- You and the buyer can tailor the terms of the sale to meet your needs without having to get approval from a third-party lender.
- You can defer taxes on your gain, and potentially pay a lower tax rate in a later year.
- The buyer receives full basis in the property.
How Is an Installment Sale Reported?
Payments that you receive from an installment sale consist of three parts:
- Interest
- Taxable part (gain or profit)
- Non-taxable part (return of basis)
Each year you receive a payment, you pay taxes on the interest and taxable part. The part of the payment allocated to your basis is not taxable. Basis is the amount of your investment in the property for installment sale purposes.
After you’ve determined how much of each payment to treat as interest, you next determine the taxable portion of the remaining payment.
Example. You sell property at a contract price of $600,000, and your gross profit is $150,000. Your gross profit percentage is 25 percent ($150,000 ÷ $600,000). After subtracting interest, you report 25 percent of each payment, including the down payment, as installment sale income from the sale for the tax year in which you receive the payment. The remainder (balance) of each payment is the tax-free return of your adjusted basis. Say your buyer makes a payment of $12,250, of which $2,250 is interest. Of the remaining $10,000, $2,500 (25 percent) is taxable profit and $7,500 is non-taxable return of basis.
No Installment Sale in These Instances
There are certain types of property and transactions for which the installment method cannot be used, such as:
- The sale of inventory consisting of personal property. But this rule does not apply to property used or produced in farming.
- The sale of real property held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. But dealers of timeshares and residential lots can treat certain sales as installment sales and report under the installment method if they elect to pay a special interest charge.
- The sale of stock or securities traded on an established securities market.
- The sale of depreciable property to a related buyer, unless you can show to the satisfaction of the IRS that the sale was not made for tax avoidance.
If you are thinking of an installment sale and would like to discuss it, please call East Coast Tax Consulting Group at 561-826-9303 to speak with our CPAs.